Static General Knowledge for Competitive Exams
General Knowledge (GK) is an essential section in most competitive exams. From government exams in India like UPSC, SSC, and RRB to global assessments like the SAT, GRE, and GMAT, a solid understanding of GK can greatly enhance your performance. This guide covers various aspects of general knowledge that are frequently tested, including current affairs, history, geography, science, and more.
1. Important National Symbols of India
- National Flag: Tricolor (Tiranga) – Saffron, White, Green with Ashoka Chakra in the center.
- National Emblem: Lion Capital of Ashoka.
- National Anthem: “Jana Gana Mana.”
- National Song: “Vande Mataram.”
- National Animal: Bengal Tiger.
- National Bird: Indian Peacock.
- National Flower: Lotus.
- National Tree: Banyan Tree.
2. Indian States, Capitals, and Union Territories
- States and Capitals: e.g., Maharashtra – Mumbai, Tamil Nadu – Chennai, etc.
- Union Territories: e.g., Delhi, Chandigarh, Puducherry.
- Major Languages and Cultural Highlights: Language, dance, and folk traditions associated with each state.
3. Important Indian Monuments and Heritage Sites
- Taj Mahal – Agra.
- Red Fort – Delhi.
- Hampi – Karnataka.
- Qutub Minar – Delhi.
- Ajanta and Ellora Caves – Maharashtra.
- Victoria Memorial – Kolkata.
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India.
4. Famous Rivers and Their Origin
- Ganges – Originates from Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand.
- Yamuna – Originates from Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand.
- Godavari – Originates from Trimbak, Maharashtra.
- Krishna – Originates from Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra.
- Brahmaputra – Originates from Tibet as Yarlung Tsangpo.
5. Classical Dances of India
- Bharatanatyam – Tamil Nadu.
- Kathak – Uttar Pradesh.
- Kathakali – Kerala.
- Odissi – Odisha.
- Kuchipudi – Andhra Pradesh.
- Manipuri – Manipur.
6. Important Indian Festivals
- Diwali – Festival of Lights.
- Holi – Festival of Colors.
- Eid – Islamic Festival.
- Christmas – Celebrated by Christians.
- Pongal – Tamil harvest festival.
- Onam – Harvest festival of Kerala.
- Baisakhi – Sikh New Year festival.
7. Nobel Prize Winners from India
- Rabindranath Tagore – Literature.
- C.V. Raman – Physics.
- Mother Teresa – Peace.
- Amartya Sen – Economics.
- Abhijit Banerjee – Economics.
- Kailash Satyarthi – Peace.
8. Indian Space Missions
- Aryabhata – First Indian satellite (1975).
- Chandrayaan-1 – First lunar mission (2008).
- Mangalyaan – Mars Orbiter Mission (2013).
- Chandrayaan-2 – Lunar mission (2019).
- Chandrayaan-3 – Lunar mission (2023).
9. Important International Organizations and Headquarters
- United Nations (UN) – New York, USA.
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Geneva, Switzerland.
- World Bank – Washington D.C., USA.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Washington D.C., USA.
- UNESCO – Paris, France.
- SAARC – Kathmandu, Nepal.
- ASEAN – Jakarta, Indonesia.
10. Major Books and Authors
- Mahabharata – Ved Vyasa.
- Ramayana – Valmiki.
- Discovery of India – Jawaharlal Nehru.
- Gitanjali – Rabindranath Tagore.
- Wings of Fire – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
- The God of Small Things – Arundhati Roy.
11. Indian Constitution Facts
- Drafted By: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
- Adopted On: 26th November 1949.
- Came into Effect On: 26th January 1950.
- Fundamental Rights: Six fundamental rights provided.
- Parts, Schedules, Articles: Originally 22 parts, 8 schedules, and 395 articles.
12. Famous Indian Scientists and Their Contributions
- C.V. Raman – Raman Effect (Physics).
- Homi J. Bhabha – Indian nuclear program.
- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – Missile development, aerospace engineering.
- Jagadish Chandra Bose – Radio and microwave optics.
- Srinivasa Ramanujan – Contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory.
13. Important National and International Days
- Republic Day (India) – January 26.
- Independence Day (India) – August 15.
- World Environment Day – June 5.
- International Yoga Day – June 21.
- Human Rights Day – December 10.
14. Highest Mountains and Longest Rivers
- Mount Everest (Nepal/China) – Highest mountain.
- K2 (India/Pakistan) – Second highest mountain.
- Ganges (India) – Longest river in India.
- Nile (Africa) – Longest river in the world.
15. Indian Awards and Honours
- Bharat Ratna: India’s highest civilian award.
- Padma Vibhushan: Second-highest civilian award.
- Padma Bhushan: Third-highest civilian award.
- Padma Shri: Fourth-highest civilian award.
- Gallantry Awards: Param Vir Chakra, Ashoka Chakra.
16. Major Dams in India
- Bhakra Nangal Dam – Sutlej River, Himachal Pradesh.
- Sardar Sarovar Dam – Narmada River, Gujarat.
- Hirakud Dam – Mahanadi River, Odisha.
- Tehri Dam – Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand.
- Nagarjuna Sagar Dam – Krishna River, Telangana.
17. Indian Nuclear Power Plants
- Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant – Maharashtra.
- Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant – Tamil Nadu.
- Rajasthan Atomic Power Station – Rajasthan.
- Narora Atomic Power Station – Uttar Pradesh.
- Kaiga Generating Station – Karnataka.
18. Indian Independence Movement Key Events
- 1857: First War of Independence (Sepoy Mutiny).
- 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
- 1920-1922: Non-Cooperation Movement.
- 1930: Salt March (Dandi March).
- 1942: Quit India Movement.
- 1947: Indian Independence.
19. Important Indian Freedom Fighters
- Mahatma Gandhi – Leader of Non-Violence and Satyagraha.
- Subhas Chandra Bose – Leader of INA (Indian National Army).
- Bhagat Singh – Revolutionary hero.
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Iron Man of India.
- Jawaharlal Nehru – First Prime Minister of India.
20. Top Indian Mountains and Peaks
- Kangchenjunga – Sikkim (India’s highest peak).
- Nanda Devi – Uttarakhand.
- Kamet – Uttarakhand.
- Gurla Mandhata – near the India-Nepal border.
- Anamudi – Kerala (highest peak in South India).
21. Major Indian Rivers and Tributaries
- Indus River: Tributaries – Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej.
- Ganga River: Tributaries – Yamuna, Son, Ghaghara, Gandak.
- Godavari River: Tributaries – Manjira, Penganga, Pranahita.
- Krishna River: Tributaries – Bhima, Tungabhadra.
- Brahmaputra River: Tributaries – Dibang, Lohit, Subansiri.
22. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India
- Jim Corbett National Park – Uttarakhand.
- Kaziranga National Park – Assam (known for one-horned rhinoceros).
- Ranthambore National Park – Rajasthan.
- Gir Forest National Park – Gujarat (Asiatic lions).
- Sundarbans National Park – West Bengal (Royal Bengal Tigers).
23. Major Global Landmarks
- Great Wall of China – China.
- Eiffel Tower – France.
- Statue of Liberty – USA.
- Machu Picchu – Peru.
- Sydney Opera House – Australia.
- Colosseum – Italy.
24. World’s Longest and Largest Rivers
- Nile – Africa (Longest).
- Amazon – South America (Largest by volume).
- Yangtze – China.
- Mississippi-Missouri – USA.
- Yellow River – China.
25. World’s Tallest Buildings and Structures
- Burj Khalifa – Dubai, UAE.
- Shanghai Tower – Shanghai, China.
- Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower – Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
- One World Trade Center – New York, USA.
- Taipei 101 – Taipei, Taiwan.
26. Oceans and Major Seas
- Pacific Ocean – Largest and deepest ocean.
- Atlantic Ocean – Second largest ocean.
- Indian Ocean – Third largest, south of Asia.
- Arctic Ocean – Smallest and shallowest.
- Mediterranean Sea – Between Europe, Asia, and Africa.
27. Important Scientific Discoveries and Inventors
- Gravity – Sir Isaac Newton.
- Electricity – Benjamin Franklin.
- Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell.
- Theory of Relativity – Albert Einstein.
- Penicillin – Alexander Fleming.
28. World Famous Paintings and Artists
- Mona Lisa – Leonardo da Vinci.
- Starry Night – Vincent van Gogh.
- The Persistence of Memory – Salvador Dali.
- The Last Supper – Leonardo da Vinci.
- Girl with a Pearl Earring – Johannes Vermeer.
29. Important Vitamins and Their Functions
- Vitamin A – Vision, immune system (Carrots, sweet potatoes).
- Vitamin B – Energy production (Whole grains, meat).
- Vitamin C – Immune health, antioxidant (Citrus fruits).
- Vitamin D – Bone health (Sunlight, fish).
- Vitamin E – Skin health, antioxidant (Nuts, seeds).
30. Major International Sports Tournaments
- FIFA World Cup – Soccer (Every 4 years).
- Olympic Games – Various sports (Every 4 years).
- ICC Cricket World Cup – Cricket (Every 4 years).
- Wimbledon – Tennis.
- Tour de France – Cycling.
31. Units of Measurement
- Length: Meter, kilometer.
- Mass: Gram, kilogram.
- Volume: Liter, milliliter.
- Temperature: Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin.
- Time: Seconds, minutes, hours.
32. Famous Indian Rivers with Associated Dams
- Sutlej River – Bhakra Dam.
- Narmada River – Sardar Sarovar Dam.
- Krishna River – Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.
- Mahanadi River – Hirakud Dam.
- Godavari River – Jayakwadi Dam.
33. Indian Firsts in Various Fields
- First President of India: Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
- First Prime Minister of India: Jawaharlal Nehru.
- First Indian Woman in Space: Kalpana Chawla.
- First Indian Nobel Laureate: Rabindranath Tagore.
- First Indian Oscar Winner: Bhanu Athaiya (Costume Design).
- First Woman President of India: Pratibha Patil.
34. Largest Deserts in the World
- Sahara Desert – Africa (largest hot desert).
- Arabian Desert – Middle East.
- Gobi Desert – China and Mongolia.
- Kalahari Desert – Southern Africa.
- Great Victoria Desert – Australia.
35. Famous Sports Personalities and Their Sports
- Sachin Tendulkar – Cricket (India).
- Lionel Messi – Soccer (Argentina).
- Michael Jordan – Basketball (USA).
- Usain Bolt – Athletics (Jamaica).
- Serena Williams – Tennis (USA).
- P.V. Sindhu – Badminton (India).
36. Largest Lakes and Water Bodies
- Caspian Sea – Largest enclosed inland water body.
- Lake Superior – Largest freshwater lake by surface area.
- Lake Baikal – Deepest lake in the world.
- Lake Victoria – Largest lake in Africa.
- Dead Sea – Known for high salt content.
37. Indian Folk Dances
- Bihu – Assam.
- Ghoomar – Rajasthan.
- Bhangra – Punjab.
- Lavani – Maharashtra.
- Garba – Gujarat.
- Yakshagana – Karnataka.
38. Popular Indian Beaches
- Goa – Baga Beach, Anjuna Beach.
- Kerala – Kovalam Beach, Varkala Beach.
- Tamil Nadu – Marina Beach, Mahabalipuram Beach.
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands – Radhanagar Beach.
- Maharashtra – Juhu Beach, Alibaug Beach.
39. Major Ports of India
- Mumbai Port – Maharashtra.
- Chennai Port – Tamil Nadu.
- Kolkata Port – West Bengal.
- Visakhapatnam Port – Andhra Pradesh.
- Cochin Port – Kerala.
- Mormugao Port – Goa.
40. Important Banking and Financial Terms
- Repo Rate: Rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks.
- Reverse Repo Rate: Rate at which RBI borrows from commercial banks.
- CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio): Percentage of a bank’s deposits kept with the RBI.
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Total value of goods and services produced in a country.
- NPA (Non-Performing Asset): Loans that are in default or in arrears.
41. Largest and Smallest Countries by Area
- Largest: Russia.
- Second Largest: Canada.
- Smallest: Vatican City.
- Other Large Countries: China, USA, Brazil, Australia.
42. Types of Rocks and Examples
- Igneous Rocks: Granite, Basalt.
- Sedimentary Rocks: Sandstone, Limestone.
- Metamorphic Rocks: Marble, Slate.
- Uses: Construction, decorative stone, monuments, etc.
43. Major Oceans and Their Characteristics
- Pacific Ocean: Largest and deepest.
- Atlantic Ocean: Known for the Gulf Stream.
- Indian Ocean: Warmest ocean.
- Southern Ocean: Encircles Antarctica.
- Arctic Ocean: Coldest and smallest.
44. National Highways of India
- NH 44: Longest highway (Srinagar to Kanyakumari).
- NH 27: Second longest (Porbandar to Silchar).
- NH 48: Connects Delhi to Mumbai.
- NH 19: Connects Delhi to Kolkata.
- NH 16: Connects Kolkata to Chennai.
45. Famous Authors and Their Books
- “Pride and Prejudice” – Jane Austen.
- “War and Peace” – Leo Tolstoy.
- “The Great Gatsby” – F. Scott Fitzgerald.
- “1984” – George Orwell.
- “To Kill a Mockingbird” – Harper Lee.
46. Important Units of Computer Memory
- Bit: Smallest unit of data.
- Byte: 8 bits.
- Kilobyte (KB): 1,024 bytes.
- Megabyte (MB): 1,024 KB.
- Gigabyte (GB): 1,024 MB.
- Terabyte (TB): 1,024 GB.
47. World Famous Bridges
- Golden Gate Bridge – San Francisco, USA.
- Tower Bridge – London, UK.
- Sydney Harbour Bridge – Sydney, Australia.
- Brooklyn Bridge – New York, USA.
- Millau Viaduct – France.
48. Leading Automobile Brands and Their Countries
- Toyota – Japan.
- BMW – Germany.
- Ford – USA.
- Tata Motors – India.
- Hyundai – South Korea.
49. Major Indian Languages and States
- Hindi – Spoken widely in North and Central India.
- Bengali – West Bengal, Tripura.
- Marathi – Maharashtra.
- Telugu – Andhra Pradesh, Telangana.
- Tamil – Tamil Nadu.
- Punjabi – Punjab.
50. Highest Military Honors in India
- Param Vir Chakra: Highest military decoration.
- Maha Vir Chakra: Second highest.
- Vir Chakra: Third highest.
- Ashoka Chakra: Highest peacetime military award.
- Shaurya Chakra: Gallantry award for bravery.
51. India’s Forest Types
- Tropical Evergreen Forests: Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Tropical Deciduous Forests: Madhya Pradesh, Odisha.
- Mangrove Forests: Sundarbans.
- Thorn Forests: Rajasthan.
- Montane Forests: Himalayas.
52. Major Ancient Indian Texts
- Rigveda – Oldest Veda.
- Samaveda – Collection of melodies.
- Yajurveda – Rituals and sacrifices.
- Atharvaveda – Knowledge of everyday life.
- Upanishads – Philosophical texts.
53. Major World Religions and Their Origins
- Hinduism – India.
- Buddhism – India.
- Christianity – Middle East.
- Islam – Middle East (Saudi Arabia).
- Judaism – Middle East (Israel).
54. Famous Explorers and Their Discoveries
- Christopher Columbus – Discovered the Americas.
- Vasco da Gama – Discovered the sea route to India.
- Ferdinand Magellan – First circumnavigation of the Earth.
- Marco Polo – Explored Asia.
- Amerigo Vespucci – Discovered that the New World was a separate continent.
55. Major Indian Temples and Pilgrimage Sites
- Kedarnath Temple – Uttarakhand (Hindu pilgrimage).
- Golden Temple – Amritsar, Punjab (Sikhism).
- Meenakshi Temple – Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
- Sun Temple – Konark, Odisha.
- Vaishno Devi Temple – Jammu & Kashmir.
56. Famous Battles in Indian History
- Battle of Panipat (1526) – First Battle of Panipat, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
- Battle of Plassey (1757) – British East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah.
- Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Maharana Pratap vs. Mughal Empire.
- Battle of Buxar (1764) – British defeated combined forces of Indian rulers.
- Kalinga War (261 BCE) – Fought by Emperor Ashoka.
57. Significant Environmental Organizations
- Greenpeace – International environmental organization.
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – Conservation of nature and wildlife.
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) – UN’s environment agency.
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) – Conservation of nature.
- National Green Tribunal (NGT) – India’s environmental law enforcement.
58. Popular Tourist Destinations Around the World
- Paris – Eiffel Tower, France.
- Rome – Colosseum, Italy.
- New York – Statue of Liberty, USA.
- Kyoto – Temples and cherry blossoms, Japan.
- Cape Town – Table Mountain, South Africa.
59. Important Inventions and Inventors
- Light Bulb – Thomas Edison.
- Airplane – Wright Brothers.
- Printing Press – Johannes Gutenberg.
- Computer – Charles Babbage (concept of a programmable computer).
- Television – John Logie Baird.
60. Indian Literature and Epics
- Mahabharata – Epic of Kurukshetra war, authored by Vyasa.
- Ramayana – Story of Rama, authored by Valmiki.
- Bhagavad Gita – Sacred scripture, part of Mahabharata.
- Thirukkural – Ethical and moral Tamil text by Thiruvalluvar.
- Manusmriti – Ancient Indian legal text.
61. Indian Classical Musicians
- Ravi Shankar – Sitar maestro.
- M. S. Subbulakshmi – Carnatic vocalist.
- Bismillah Khan – Shehnai player.
- Zakir Hussain – Tabla virtuoso.
- Pandit Bhimsen Joshi – Hindustani classical vocalist.
62. Famous Indian Scientists and Innovations
- Satyendra Nath Bose – Quantum mechanics (Boson particles).
- Meghnad Saha – Thermal ionization in stars (Saha equation).
- Hargobind Khorana – Genetic code research.
- Vikram Sarabhai – Indian space program pioneer.
- M.S. Swaminathan – Father of the Green Revolution in India.
63. Famous Indian Rivers with Associated Cities
- Yamuna – Delhi, Agra.
- Ganges – Varanasi, Allahabad, Kolkata.
- Brahmaputra – Guwahati.
- Godavari – Nasik.
- Krishna – Vijayawada.
64. World Major Trade Routes
- Silk Road – Ancient trade route from Asia to Europe.
- Spice Route – Maritime route for spices from Asia to Europe.
- Trans-Siberian Route – Longest railway line from Moscow to Vladivostok.
- Pan-American Highway – Extending from North to South America.
- Suez Canal – Connects Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
65. Important Chemical Elements and Symbols
- Hydrogen – H.
- Oxygen – O.
- Carbon – C.
- Gold – Au.
- Iron – Fe.
- Calcium – Ca.
66. Countries and Their Capitals
- Australia – Canberra.
- Brazil – Brasília.
- South Africa – Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative).
- New Zealand – Wellington.
- Saudi Arabia – Riyadh.
67. Major Rivers of the World
- Mississippi – USA.
- Yangtze – China.
- Amazon – South America.
- Danube – Europe.
- Volga – Russia.
68. Geological Periods and Eras
- Precambrian – Earliest period, primitive life.
- Paleozoic Era – Marine and early land life.
- Mesozoic Era – Age of dinosaurs.
- Cenozoic Era – Mammals and humans.
- Holocene Epoch – Current geological epoch.
69. Types of Clouds
- Cirrus – Thin, wispy clouds at high altitudes.
- Cumulus – Fluffy, white clouds indicating fair weather.
- Stratus – Layered clouds covering the sky, often gray.
- Nimbus – Rain clouds, often dark and dense.
- Cumulonimbus – Thunderstorm clouds.
70. Important Vitamins and Their Deficiencies
- Vitamin A – Night blindness.
- Vitamin B12 – Anemia.
- Vitamin C – Scurvy.
- Vitamin D – Rickets.
- Vitamin K – Blood clotting issues.
71. Famous Indian Political Figures
- Indira Gandhi – First female Prime Minister of India.
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – Architect of the Indian Constitution.
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Iron Man of India.
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee – Former Prime Minister, poet.
- Jawaharlal Nehru – India’s first Prime Minister.
72. Types of Energy Resources
- Solar Energy – Renewable, from the sun.
- Wind Energy – Renewable, from wind turbines.
- Hydro Energy – Renewable, from water.
- Fossil Fuels – Non-renewable, from coal, oil.
- Nuclear Energy – Non-renewable, from uranium.
73. Nobel Peace Prize Winners of Recent Years
- 2021 – Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov (Journalism and free speech).
- 2020 – World Food Programme.
- 2019 – Abiy Ahmed (Ethiopian PM, peace with Eritrea).
- 2018 – Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad (Campaign against sexual violence in war).
- 2017 – International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).
74. Traditional Indian Clothing by Region
- Saree – Worn across India with regional variations.
- Ghagra-Choli – Rajasthan, Gujarat.
- Salwar Kameez – North India, Punjab.
- Mekhla Chador – Assam.
- Lungi – Tamil Nadu, Kerala.
75. Popular Dances Around the World
- Flamenco – Spain.
- Ballet – Originated in Italy and France.
- Tango – Argentina.
- Samba – Brazil.
- Hip Hop – USA.
76. Important Indian Historical Monuments
- Qutub Minar – Delhi.
- Red Fort – Delhi.
- Hawa Mahal – Jaipur.
- Charminar – Hyderabad.
- Ajanta and Ellora Caves – Maharashtra.
- Golconda Fort – Telangana.
77. Notable Lakes in India
- Wular Lake – Jammu & Kashmir, largest freshwater lake in India.
- Chilika Lake – Odisha, largest coastal lagoon in India.
- Loktak Lake – Manipur, famous for phumdis (floating islands).
- Sambhar Lake – Rajasthan, largest inland saltwater lake in India.
- Pulicat Lake – Tamil Nadu-Andhra Pradesh border.
78. Global Organizations and Headquarters
- United Nations (UN) – New York, USA.
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Geneva, Switzerland.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Washington, D.C., USA.
- World Trade Organization (WTO) – Geneva, Switzerland.
- UNESCO – Paris, France.
79. Major Canals of the World
- Suez Canal – Egypt, connects Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
- Panama Canal – Connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
- Kiel Canal – Germany, connects North Sea with the Baltic Sea.
- Grand Canal – China, longest artificial river in the world.
- Corinth Canal – Greece, connects the Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean Sea.
80. Prominent Space Missions
- Apollo 11 – First manned Moon landing by the USA (1969).
- Viking 1 – First successful mission to Mars by the USA (1975).
- Voyager 1 and 2 – NASA’s interstellar probes launched in 1977.
- Chandrayaan-1 – India’s first lunar mission (2008).
- Mars Curiosity Rover – NASA’s rover on Mars.
81. Largest National Parks in the World
- Yellowstone National Park – USA, world’s first national park.
- Northeast Greenland National Park – Greenland, largest national park.
- Namib-Naukluft National Park – Namibia.
- Kavango-Zambezi – Shared by several countries in Africa.
- Wrangell-St. Elias – USA, largest national park in the US.
82. Major Literary Awards
- Booker Prize – Literary fiction award for English novels.
- Pulitzer Prize – American journalism and literary award.
- Nobel Prize in Literature – Global literature award.
- Jnanpith Award – Highest literary honor in India.
- Sahitya Akademi Award – Indian literature award.
83. Notable Explorations and Expeditions
- Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay – First ascent of Mount Everest.
- Roald Amundsen – First to reach the South Pole.
- Robert Peary – First claimed to reach the North Pole.
- Jacques Cousteau – Underwater exploration pioneer.
- Lewis and Clark Expedition – Explored the American West.
84. Types of Ecosystems
- Desert Ecosystem – Hot and dry climate, sparse vegetation.
- Forest Ecosystem – Dense vegetation, diverse flora and fauna.
- Grassland Ecosystem – Open areas with grasses, limited trees.
- Aquatic Ecosystem – Water-based, includes marine and freshwater.
- Tundra Ecosystem – Cold climate with limited vegetation.
85. Important Indian Folk Festivals
- Hornbill Festival – Nagaland.
- Pushkar Fair – Rajasthan.
- Lohri – Punjab.
- Mysore Dasara – Karnataka.
- Chhath Puja – Bihar, Uttar Pradesh.
86. Influential Economic Thinkers
- Adam Smith – Father of Economics, author of “Wealth of Nations.”
- John Maynard Keynes – Founder of Keynesian economics.
- Karl Marx – Theories on capitalism and socialism.
- Amartya Sen – Nobel Prize-winning Indian economist.
- Milton Friedman – Advocate of free-market policies.
87. Famous Volcanoes Around the World
- Mount Vesuvius – Italy.
- Mount St. Helens – USA.
- Krakatoa – Indonesia.
- Mount Fuji – Japan.
- Mauna Loa – Hawaii, USA.
88. Indian Art Forms
- Madhubani Painting – Bihar.
- Warli Art – Maharashtra.
- Pattachitra – Odisha.
- Tanjore Painting – Tamil Nadu.
- Miniature Painting – Rajasthan.
89. Important Chemicals in Daily Life
- Acetic Acid – Vinegar.
- Sodium Bicarbonate – Baking soda.
- Calcium Carbonate – Chalk, marble.
- Ethylene Glycol – Antifreeze.
- Sodium Chloride – Common salt.
90. Military Exercises of India
- Malabar – Naval exercise with the USA, Japan, Australia.
- Yudh Abhyas – India-USA joint military exercise.
- Indra – India-Russia joint military exercise.
- Sampriti – India-Bangladesh military exercise.
- Garuda Shakti – India-Indonesia joint exercise.
91. Major Global Ports
- Shanghai Port – China, one of the busiest in the world.
- Singapore Port – Major global trade hub.
- Rotterdam Port – Netherlands, largest port in Europe.
- Port of Los Angeles – Largest port in the USA.
- Port of Busan – South Korea.
92. Important International Days
- World Environment Day – June 5.
- International Women’s Day – March 8.
- World Health Day – April 7.
- Earth Day – April 22.
- International Day of Peace – September 21.
93. Common Scientific Laws and Principles
- Newton’s Laws of Motion – Basics of mechanics.
- Ohm’s Law – Voltage, current, and resistance relationship.
- Archimedes’ Principle – Buoyancy.
- Boyle’s Law – Pressure and volume of gases.
- Law of Conservation of Energy – Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
94. Major Mineral Resources and Their Locations
- Coal – Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha in India.
- Iron Ore – Karnataka, Odisha in India.
- Petroleum – Middle Eastern countries, Russia.
- Bauxite – Australia, India.
- Copper – Chile, USA.
95. Indian Armed Forces Ranks
- Indian Army: Field Marshal, General, Lieutenant General, Major General.
- Indian Navy: Admiral, Vice Admiral, Rear Admiral, Commodore.
- Indian Air Force: Air Chief Marshal, Air Marshal, Air Vice Marshal.
96. Traditional Indian Textiles
- Banarasi Silk – Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
- Pashmina – Kashmir.
- Chanderi – Madhya Pradesh.
- Kanjivaram Silk – Tamil Nadu.
- Bandhani – Gujarat and Rajasthan.
97. International Currency and Country
- Yen – Japan.
- Pound Sterling – United Kingdom.
- Euro – European Union.
- Ruble – Russia.
- Ringgit – Malaysia.
98. Major Global Scientific Research Centers
- CERN – Switzerland, particle physics research.
- NASA – USA, space exploration.
- ISRO – India, space research and exploration.
- Fermilab – USA, particle physics.
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory – USA, scientific and defense research.
99. Important Acts in Indian History
- Regulating Act of 1773 – British regulation of East India Company.
- Pitts India Act (1784) – Further control over East India Company.
- Government of India Act 1858 – Transfer of power to British Crown.
- Indian Independence Act 1947 – Granted independence to India.
- Right to Information Act 2005 – Right to access government information.
100. Largest Islands in the World
- Greenland – Largest island in the world.
- New Guinea – Second largest, divided between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
- Borneo – Divided between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei.
- Madagascar – Off the coast of East Africa.
- Baffin Island – Canada.